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Introduction: Ayurveda emphasizes two major therapeutic approaches: Shodhana (biopurification) and Shamana (palliation). Among these, Shodhana is considered superior for eradicating the root cause of disease by eliminating accumulated doshas and ama. Panchakarma embodies the concept of Shodhana through systematic procedures described in classical texts. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was performed using Ayurvedic classics (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya) and modern databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar). Keywords included “Shodhana,” “Panchakarma,” “biopurification,” and “Ayurveda detoxification.” Studies published between 2000–2024 were considered. Clinical trials, review articles, conceptual papers, and experimental studies were included; duplicates, non-English studies, and non-relevant sources were excluded. Results: Classical texts describe Shodhana as essential for eliminating aggravated doshas, preventing recurrence, and improving tissue strength. Panchakarma comprises preparatory (Purva Karma), main (Pradhana Karma), and post-therapeutic (Paschat Karma) phases. Evidence supports Vamana in Kapha disorders, Virechana in Pitta conditions, Basti in Vata diseases, Nasya in neurological conditions, and Raktamokshana in blood-borne disorders. Modern studies suggest mechanisms such as immunomodulation, gut microbiome modulation, anti-inflammatory effects, and neuroendocrine regulation. Clinical trials demonstrate efficacy in metabolic syndrome, arthritis, liver disorders, psoriasis, and stress-related conditions. Discussion: The concept of Shodhana resonates with modern understanding of detoxification, biotransformation, and systemic cleansing. However, limitations include methodological gaps, lack of standardization, and inadequate biomarker validation. Future studies integrating omics technologies and randomized controlled trials are necessary. Conclusion: Shodhana through Panchakarma offers a holistic detoxification model combining preventive, curative, and promotive health. Bridging Ayurvedic principles with modern biomedical evidence can enhance its acceptance and integration into global healthcare.

KEYWORDS: Ayurveda, Detoxification, Panchakarma, Shodhana, Traditional medicine